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Frederick Douglass

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Portrait of Frederick Douglass in the DC Recorder of Deeds Building. Frederick Douglas was the first recorder of deeds for the District of Columbia

Frederick Douglass (February 141, 1818 ? February 20, 1895) was an American abolitionist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. Called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia," Douglass was among the most prominent African Americans of his time, and one of the most influential lecturers and authors in American history.

Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, who later became known as Frederick Douglass, was born a slave in Talbot County, Maryland near Hillsborough, twelve miles from Easton. He was separated from his mother, Harriet Bailey, when he was still an infant. She died when Douglass was about nine years old. The identity of Douglass? father is obscure; Douglass originally stated that his father was a white man, perhaps his master, Captain Aaron Anthony, but later said that he knew nothing of his father?s identity. When Anthony died, Douglass was given to Mrs. Lucretia Auld, wife of Captain Thomas Auld; the young man was sent to Baltimore to serve the Captain?s brother, Hugh Auld. When Douglass was thirteen, Hugh Auld?s wife, Sophia, broke the law by teaching Douglass to read. Douglass later referred to this in his first abolitionist speech.

In 1837, Douglass met Anna Murray, who sold a poster bed to buy sailor?s papers needed for Frederick Douglass?s escape. Douglass escaped Slavery on September 3, 1838 boarding a train to Havre de Grace, Maryland dressed in a sailor?s uniform and carrying identification papers provided by a free black seaman. After crossing the Susquehanna River by ferry boat at Havre de Grace, Douglass continued by train to Wilmington, Delaware. From there Douglass went by steamboat to "Quaker City" Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His escape to freedom eventually led him to New York, the entire journey taking less than twenty-four hours.

Douglass continued reading. He joined various organizations in New Bedford, including a black church. He regularly attended Abolitionist meetings. He subscribed to William Lloyd Garrison?s weekly journal, the Liberator, and in 1841, he heard Garrison speak at the Bristol Anti-Slavery Society?s annual meeting. Douglass was inspired by Garrison, later stating, "no face and form ever impressed me with such sentiments (the hatred of slavery) as did those of William Lloyd Garrison." Garrison was likewise impressed with Douglass, and mentioned him in the Liberator.

Several days later, Douglass gave his first speech at the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society?s annual convention in Nantucket Island. Twenty-three years old at the time, Douglass later said that his legs were shaking. He conquered his nervousness and gave an eloquent speech about his life as a slave.

In 1843, Douglass participated in the American Anti-Slavery Society?s Hundred Conventions project, a six month tour of meeting halls throughout the east and middle west of the United States. He participated in the Seneca Falls Convention, the birthplace of the American feminist movement, and was a signatory of its Declaration of Sentiments.

Douglass later became the publisher of a series of newspapers: "The North Star", "Frederick Douglass Weekly", "Frederick Douglass? Paper", "Douglass? Monthly" and "New National Era". The motto of "The North Star" was "Right is of no sex?Truth is of no color?God is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren".

Douglass? work spanned the years prior to and during the Civil War. He was acquainted with the radical abolitionist Captain John Brown but did not approve of Brown?s plan to start an armed slave revolt. Douglass believed that the Harpers Ferry attack on federal property would enrage the American public. Douglass would later share a stage in Harpers Ferry with Andrew Hunter, the prosecutor who successfully convicted Brown.

Douglass conferred with President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 on the treatment of black soldiers, and with President Andrew Johnson on the subject of black suffrage. His early collaborators were the white abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips. In the early 1850?s, however, Douglass split with the Garrisonians over the issue of the United States Constitution.

Douglass had five children; two of them, Charles and Rossetta, helped produce his newspapers.

Douglass was an ordained minister of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

Douglass? most well-known work is his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, which was published in 1845. Critics frequently attacked the book as inauthentic, not believing that a black man could possibly have produced so eloquent a piece of literature. The book was an immediate bestseller and received overwhelmingly positive critical reviews. Within three years of its publication, it had been reprinted nine times with 11,000 copies circulating in the United States; it was also translated into the French and Dutch languages.

The book?s success had an unfortunate side effect: his friends and mentors feared that the publicity would draw the attention of his ex-owner, Hugh Auld, who could try to get his "property" back. They encouraged him to go on a tour in Ireland, as many other ex-slaves had done in the past. He set sail on the Cambria for Liverpool on August 16, 1845, and arrived in Ireland when the Irish famine was just beginning.

Douglass spent two years in the British Isles and gave several lectures, mainly in Protestant churches. He remarked that there he was treated not "as a color, but as a man." He met and befriended the Irish nationalist Daniel O?Connell. When Douglass visited Scotland, the members of the Free Church of Scotland, whom he had criticized for accepting money from U.S. slave-owners, demonstrated against him with placards that read "Send back the nigger".

In 1847, Douglass founded a New York newspaper called The North Star, which focused on opposing race and sex discrimination, especially concerning slavery. One evening, a group of men burst into the office and menacingly approached one of the printing presses. Douglass reached it before they did, saying, "You can smash this place and I?ll open my paper elsewhere. Stop me, and others will take my place. You came here to destroy my paper? Let me help you." Douglass then smashed the printing press himself. "You can smash machines, but you can?t smash ideas." Ashamed, the men filtered out.

In 1851, Douglass merged the North Star with Gerrit Smith?s Liberty Party Paper to form Frederick Douglass? Paper, which was published until 1860. Douglass came to agree with Smith and Lysander Spooner that the United States Constitution is an anti-slavery document, reversing his earlier belief that it was pro-slavery, a view he had shared with William Lloyd Garrison. Garrison had publicly demonstrated his opinion of the Constitution by burning copies of it. Douglass? change of position on the Constitution was one of the most notable incidents of a division that emerged in the abolitionist movement after the publication of Spooner?s book The Unconstitutionality of Slavery in 1846. This shift in opinion, as well as some other political differences, created a rift between Douglass and Garrison. Douglass further angered Garrison by saying that the Constitution could and should be used as an instrument in the fight against slavery. With this, Douglass began to assert his independence in the Garrisonians. Garrison saw the North Star as being in competition with the National Anti-Slavery Standard and Marius Robinson?s Anti-slavery Bugle.

In March 1860, Annie, Douglass? youngest daughter, died at Rochester, New York, while he was still in England. Douglass returned from England the following month, taking the route through Canada to avoid detection.

By the time of the Civil War, Douglass was one of the most famous black men in the country, known for his oratories on the condition of the black race, and other issues such as women?s rights.

After the Civil War, Douglass held a number of important political positions. He served as President of the Reconstruction-era Freedman?s Savings Bank; as marshal of the District of Columbia; as minister-resident and consul-general to the Republic of Haiti; and as charg? d?affaires for Santo Domingo. After two years, he resigned his ambassadorship due to disagreements with U.S. government policy. In 1872, he moved to Washington, D.C after his house on South Avenue in Rochester, New York burned down ? arson was suspected. Also lost was a complete issue of The North Star.

In 1868, Douglass supported the presidential campaign of Ulysses S. Grant. The Klan Act and the Enforcement Act were signed into law by President Grant. Grant used their provisions vigorously, suspending habeas corpus in South Carolina and sending troops there and into other states; under his leadership, over 5,000 arrests were made and the Ku Klux Klan was dealt a serious blow.

Grant?s vigor in disrupting the Klan made him unpopular among many whites, but Frederick Douglass praised him. An associate of Douglass wrote of Grant that African Americans "will ever cherish a grateful remembrance of his name, fame and great services."

In 1872, he became the first African American to receive a nomination for Vice President of the United States, having been nominated to be Victoria Woodhull?s running mate on the Equal Rights Party ticket without his knowledge. During the campaign, he neither campaigned for the ticket nor even acknowledged that he had been nominated.

Douglass spoke at many schools around the country in the Reconstruction era, including Bates College in Lewiston, Maine in 1873

In 1877, Frederick Douglass purchased his final home in Washington D.C., on the banks of the Anacostia River. He named it Cedar Hill (also spelled CedarHill). He expanded the house from 14 to 21 rooms and included a china closet. One year later, Douglass expanded his property to 15 acres (61,000 m?), with the purchase of adjoining lots. The home is now the location of the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site.

After the disappointments of Reconstruction, many African Americans called Exodusters moved to Kansas to form all-black towns. Douglass spoke out against the movement, urging blacks to stick it out. He was condemned and booed by black audiences.

In 1877, Douglass was appointed a United States Marshal. In 1881, he was appointed Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia. His wife (Anna Murray Douglas) died in 1882, leaving him in a state of depression. His association with the activist Ida B. Wells brought meaning back into his life. In 1884, Douglass married Helen Pitts, a white feminist from Honeoye, New York. Pitts was the daughter of Gideon Pitts, Jr., an abolitionist colleague and friend of Douglass. A graduate of Mount Holyoke College (at that time Mount Holyoke Female Seminary), Pitts had worked on a radical feminist publication named Alpha while living in Washington, D.C..

Frederick and Helen Pitts Douglass faced a storm of controversy as a result of their marriage. She was a white woman and nearly 20 years younger than he. Both families recoiled; hers stopped speaking to her; his was bruised, as they felt his marriage was a repudiation of their mother. But individualist feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton congratulated the two].

The new couple traveled to England, France, Italy, Egypt and Greece from 1886 to 1887.

In later life, Douglass determined to ascertain his birthday. He was born in February of 1816 by his own calculations, but historians have found a record indicating his birth in February of 1818.

In 1892 the Haitian government appointed Douglass as its commissioner to the Chicago World?s Columbian Exposition. He spoke for Irish Home Rule and on the efforts of Charles Stewart Parnell. He briefly revisited Ireland in 1886.

On February 20, 1895, Douglass attended a meeting of the National Council of Women in Washington, D.C.. During that meeting, he was brought to the platform and given a standing ovation by the audience.

Shortly after he returned home, Frederick Douglass died of a massive heart attack or stroke in his adopted hometown of Washington D.C.. He is buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Rochester, NY.

In 1921, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity made a pilgrimage to Douglass? home in Anacostia and presented a shingle to the Frederick Douglass Historical and Memorial Society designating Frederick Douglass as an exalted honorary member of Omega chapter. He holds the distinction of being the only member initiated posthumously.

The Posthumous Membership Shingle read:
This is to certify that the Honorable Frederick Douglass, Ex-Slave, Abolitionist, Orator, Advocate of Women?s Suffrage, Editor and Statesman, has been initiated a member of the Omega Chapter of the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity.

keys to your kingdom

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car keys.

the ultimate expression of personal freedom in America, the symbol of mobility, ability; an extension of the individual. with a car many things are possible ? travel, shopping, hauling, visiting or just plain driving for the pleasure of it. we take cars for granted ? if you don?t have one you are somehow deficient ? and we?ve largely forgotten how powerful they are.

my wife has a car, a modest vehicle that gets her where she needs to go ? work, school, errands, visits with friends and family. it?s utility is undeniable. there is a faux-sportiness about it, and the color ? blackberry ? is quite pleasing to the eye. i know that car backwards and forwards with only one minor detail ? i haven?t a clue what it is like to drive it.

i have what is termed these days a "seizure disorder", known more widely as "epilepsy", once known as "having fits". my brain does not function correctly, prone to electro-chemical misfiring that renders it chaotic, unusable, dysfunctional. during these neurological meltdowns i may fall to the ground and shake violently, sit in a chair and stare off into space, drooling, or wander panicked around the house sniffing the air for a scent that exists only in my inside-out mind.

the aftermath of these seizures covers a range. at the minimum i am exhausted and confused when i come to or am forced to wake up. my muscles will be sore, my head in the thrall of a serious pounder, speech heavily slurred, thought largely impossible. if i?m really lucky i?ll still have the smell of burning wire or insulation in my nose, and the taste of hot metal in my mouth, both by-products of the seizures involving that nonexistent odor. a long period of sleep is required for me to function at even the most rudimentary level.

the permanent effects become more pronounced as the seizures continue. my short term memory is a mess, i?m very forgetful, and while speaking or writing i?ll lose words, and i mean lose them so completely i?ll have to find another way to speak/write my thought. i?m prone to sudden exhaustion, sleep poorly, and my temper has become short, too short, which is hard on rachel. coupled with my instant forgetfulness, i?ve started quite a few needless arguments based on the fruits of a faulty memory.

my first seizure occurred when i was 20 years old ? not exactly rare, but not that common. as far as i know it was not the direct result of a brain injury, though my left frontal lobe does show two very small areas of scarring. it is not known whether or not this has any relation to the seizures, though the only one caught during eeg monitoring originated from that same lobe. i have been medicated on and off for the last twenty years with no real success. presently, i am at the end of the medication road, taking my current prescription as much to satisfy my neurologist (an excellent doctor ? high praise from someone like me) as to control seizures. my longest period without seizures was eighteen months, during which time i was not taking any meds at all. the pace, variety, and severity of the seizures has increased over the years.

the treatments left to me are all invasive, requiring surgical testing to determine my fitness for the procedures themselves. "it?s only brain surgery" my doctor cracks in his deadpan way. for the time being i?m unprepared to risk the possible loss of function, which varies wildly depending upon which parts of the brain must be removed. perhaps walking won?t be possible, or speech, there may be memory loss, and so forth.

so for the indeterminate future i have to find a way to get along with a brain and body prepared to betray me without a seconds warning. i cannot leave the house by myself. fear of having seizures in public or finding myself appearing stupid because my memory has chosen an inopportune moment to abandon me keeps me at home. so does the sheer danger of walking around by myself and the potentially fatal possibilities of having a seizure while crossing the road or using the stairs, or any of a dozen other scenarios. rachel works and goes to school, so i?m pretty much on my own, essentially house bound.

the immobility may be somewhat alleviated in months to come. i am applying to an organization called Paws With A Cause, a non profit that raises and trains working dogs to aid the disabled and chronically ill. for epileptics there are seizure response dogs which can be trained to respond in a variety of ways depending upon the nature of the seizures the person experiences. this can include staying with me, trying to awaken me, bringing the phone so i can call for help, and monitoring me as i move about the house, or go outside. in the outside world the dog can help me get around, blocking me before i walk into objects, go down stairs, cross the street. once given a command (something i would not be able to do during a seizure) the dog would allow me to proceed. it would also be able to alert strangers to my status, and carry a cell phone pre-programmed with my wife?s phone number as well as my meds.

the application process has only begun, and i don?t know if i will be approved nor how long it will all take, but this could be my set of keys to the kingdom.

of course, even with the dog at my side, i still won?t be able to drive.

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